A crosslinkable coating composition and method of producing the same

ABSTRACT

The instant invention provides a crosslinkable coating composition, and method of producing the same. The crosslinkable coating composition according to the present invention comprises: (a) one or more polycarbamates derived from one or more polyesters comprising the condensation reaction product of one or more polyols with one or more polyacids, wherein said one or more polyols comprise at least 25 percent by weight of one or more units having 4 or more hydroxyl groups; (b) one or more crosslinking agents; (c) one or more acid catalysts; and (d) optionally one or more organic solvents.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The instant invention relates to a crosslinkable coating composition,and method of producing the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The use of alkyd polyols in coating compositions is generally known.However, the currently available alkyd based coating formulations sufferfrom certain shortcomings under ambient conditions (or low temperaturebakes, e.g. 60° C. or less) such as slow hardness development, longperiods of required dry time, and slow rates of curing.

Accordingly there is a need for an improved crosslinkable coatingcomposition having improved hardness development, short dry time, andhigher rates of curing under ambient conditions (or low temperaturebakes, e.g. 60° C. or less). Furthermore there is need for producingsuch improved crosslinkable coating composition.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The instant invention provides a crosslinkable coating composition, andmethod of producing the same.

The instant invention provides a crosslinkable coating compositioncomprising: (a) one or more polycarbamates derived from one or morepolyesters comprising the condensation reaction product of one or morepolyols with one or more polyacids, wherein said one or more polyolscomprise at least 25 percent by weight of one or more units having 4 ormore hydroxyl groups; (b) one or more crosslinking agents; (c) one ormore acid catalysts; and (d) optionally one or more organic solvents.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention further provides aprocess for producing a crosslinkable coating composition comprising:(a) selecting one or more polycarbamates derived from one or morepolyesters comprising the condensation reaction product of one or morepolyols with one or more polyacids, wherein said one or more polyolscomprise at least 25 percent by weight of one or more units having 4 ormore hydroxyl groups; (b) selecting one or more crosslinking agents; (c)selecting one or more acid catalysts; (d) optionally selecting one ormore organic solvents; (e) contacting a, c, and d first to produce afirst component; (f) contacting said first component with b; and (g)thereby producing crosslinkable coating composition.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention further provides aprocess for producing a crosslinkable coating composition comprising:(a) selecting one or more polycarbamates derived from one or morepolyesters comprising the condensation reaction product of one or morepolyols with one or more polyacids, wherein said one or more polyolscomprise at least 25 percent by weight of one or more units having 4 ormore hydroxyl groups; (b) selecting one or more crosslinking agents; (c)selecting one or more acid catalysts; (d) optionally selecting one ormore organic solvents; (e) contacting a, b, and d first to produce afirst component; (f) contacting said first component with c; and (g)thereby producing crosslinkable coating composition.

In another alternative embodiment, the instant invention furtherprovides an article comprising a substrate, and at least one inventivecrosslinkable coating composition associated with one surface of saidsubstrate.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention providescrosslinkable coating composition, process for producing the same,articles made therefrom, and method of making such articles, inaccordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the one ormore units having 4 or more hydroxyl groups is one or morepentaerythritols.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention providescrosslinkable coating composition, process for producing the same,articles made therefrom, and method of making such articles, inaccordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that thecondensation reaction product has at least 20 percent by weight a fattyacid component.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention providescrosslinkable coating composition, process for producing the same,articles made therefrom, and method of making such articles, inaccordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that thecondensation reaction product has a hydroxyl number of greater than 100mg KOH/g.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention providescrosslinkable coating composition, process for producing the same,articles made therefrom, and method of making such articles, inaccordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that thecrosslinking agent is a polyaldehyde.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention providescrosslinkable coating composition, process for producing the same,articles made therefrom, and method of making such articles, inaccordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the one ormore polyacids comprise less than 75 percent by weight of one or more1,2 phthalic acid.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention providescrosslinkable coating composition, process for producing the same,articles made therefrom, and method of making such articles, inaccordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that thepolyester is an alkyd.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention provides articles,in accordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that thesubstrate comprises metal, wood, polymeric materials, glass, concrete,and ceramic.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The instant invention provides a crosslinkable coating composition, andmethod of producing the same. The crosslinkable coating compositionaccording to the present invention comprises: (a) one or morepolycarbamates derived from one or more polyesters comprising thecondensation reaction product of one or more polyols with one or morepolyacids, wherein said one or more polyols comprise at least 25 percentby weight of one or more units having 4 or more hydroxyl groups; (b) oneor more crosslinking agents; (c) one or more acid catalysts; and (d)optionally one or more organic solvents.

According to the present invention, the ambient temperature curablecrosslinkable coating composition may consist essentially of (a) one ormore polycarbamates derived from one or more polyesters comprising thecondensation reaction product of one or more polyols with one or morepolyacids, wherein said one or more polyols comprise at least 25 percentby weight of one or more units having 4 or more hydroxyl groups; (b) oneor more crosslinking agents; (c) one or more acid catalysts; and (d)optionally one or more organic solvents. In one embodiment, thecrosslinkable coating compositions are substantially formaldehyde freeand substantially isocyanate free. Preferably, the crosslinkable coatingcompositions are substantially isocyanate-free.

Polycarbamate Component Derived from Alkyd Polyol

The one or more polycarbamates are derived from one or more polyesterscomprising the condensation reaction product of one or more polyols withone or more polyacids, wherein said one or more polyols comprise atleast 25 percent, for example at least 30 percent, or in the alternativefrom 25 to 50 percent, by weight of one or more units having 4 or morehydroxyl groups. In one embodiment, the one or more polyacids comprisesless than 75 percent, for example less than 50 percent, by weight byweight of one or more 1,2 phthalic acid and derivatives thereof.

The cross linking composition can comprise from 20 to 90 percent byweight of one or more polycarbamates; for example, from 25 to 75 weightpercent, or in the alternative, from 30 to 70 weight percent, or in thealternative, from 35 to 60 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe crosslinkable coating composition.

The one or more polycarbamates can have an average of 2 or morecarbamate groups, or an average of three or more carbamate groups, or anaverage of four or more carbamate groups. As used herein, the term“average number of carbamate groups” means the total number averagemolecular weight of the polycarbamate as determined by gel permeationchromatography divided by the carbamate equivalent weight of thepolycarbamate. The carbamate equivalent weight (CEW) on solids iscalculated using the following equation:

CEW=[OH EW_(polyol)+(43×Carbamate Conversion)]÷Carbamate Conversion,

where the carbamate conversion is approximated using the followingequation:

Carbamate Conversion=(OH #_(polyol)-OH #_(polycarbamate))÷OH #_(polyol)

Preferably the polycarbamate consists essentially of, and morepreferably consists of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms.Still more preferably the polycarbamate consists of carbon, hydrogen,nitrogen, and oxygen atoms, wherein each nitrogen and oxygen atom is thenitrogen or oxygen atom of one of the two or more carbamate groups ofthe polycarbamate.

Typically the polycarbamate is prepared by (a) reacting the alkyd polyolwith either an unsubstituted carbamic acid alkyl ester or urea to givethe polycarbamate. Examples of these reactions are illustratedgraphically below in respective Schemes (a):

where R′(OH)_(m) is an alkyd polyol and m is 2 or greater.

Preferably, the polycarbamate of the present invention is substantiallyisocyanate free. Presence or absence of molecules containing isocyanategroups can be readily determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)spectroscopy or carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR)spectroscopy.

The polycarbamate may be made pursuant to the method disclosed in U.S.application Ser. No. 13/955,507, the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference. More specifically, the polycarbamate may be made bya process which comprises providing urea in liquid form; and adding theliquid urea to a polyol. In yet another embodiment, the polycarbamate isalternatively made according to a process which comprises adding solidurea to a polyol in liquid form to form a reaction mixture.

Alkyd Polyol Component

Alkyd resins are polyesters of polyhydroxyl alcohols and polycarboxylicacids chemically combined with various drying and semi-drying oilsand/or their respective fatty acids in different proportions.Polyhydroxyl alcohols may include, but are not limited to, suchcomponents as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol,1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol andmannitol.

Suitable glycols thus include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol,diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol,pentaethylene glycol, hexaethylene glycol, heptaethylene glycol,octaethylene glycol, nonaethylene glycol, decaethylene glycol, neopentylglycol, glycerol, 1,3-propanediol, 2,4-dimethyl-2-ethyl-hexane-1,3-diol,2,2-dimethyl-1,2-propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-propanediol,2-ethyl-2-isobutyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol,1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2,2,4-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediol,thiodiethanol, 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol,1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol,2,2,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, p-xylenediol, hydroxypivalylhydroxypivalate, 1,10-decanediol, hydrogenated bisphenol A,trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, erythritol,threitol, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerine,dimethylolpropionic acid, and the like.

Polycarboxylic acids may include, but are not limited to, phthalicanhydride or acid, maleic anhydride or acid, fumaric acid, isophthalicacid, succinic anhydride or acid, adipic acid, azeleic acid, and sebacicacid, terephthalic acid, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride,tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, dodecanedioic acid, sebacic acid, azelaicacid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylicacid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, glutaric acid, trimelliticanhydride or acid, citric acid, pyromellitic dianhydride or acid,trimesic acid, sodium sulfoisophthalic acid, as well as from anhydridesof such acids, and esters thereof, where they exist. Optionallymonocarboxylic acids may be employed including, but not limited to,benzoic acid. The reaction mixture for producing alkyds includes one ormore aliphatic or aromatic polycarboxylic acids, esterifiedpolymerization products thereof, and combinations thereof. As usedherein, the term “polycarboxylic acid” includes both polycarboxylicacids and anhydrides thereof. Examples of suitable polycarboxylic acidsfor use in the present invention include phthalic acid, isophthalicacid, terephthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, and anhydrides and combinations thereof.

Drying oils may include, but are not limited to, coconut oil, fish oil,linseed oil, tung oil, castor oil, corn oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil,palm kernel oil, tallow, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil,soybean oil, and tall oil.

In addition to an amount of polyol reacted with a fatty acid, fattyester, or naturally occurring-partially saponified oil, a prescribedamount of a higher functional polyol may be selected fromtrimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, erythritol, threitol,dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, Di-TMP, Sefose®, Quadrol® Polyol, Capa®tetrafunctional polyols, tetrafunctional phosphonate polyols, glucose,or dextrose.

Alkyds may further include any one or more modifications, for example,alkyd may be urethane modified, acrylic modified, styrene modified,vinyl ester modified, vinyl ether modified, silicone modified, epoxymodified, combinations thereof, and the like.

One or more alkyds may, for example, be one or more uralkyds, i.e.urethane modified alkyd. Uralkyds may be prepared by reacting alkydshaving isocyanate-reactive groups with polyisocyanates and optionallyother components having isocyanate-reactive groups. Isocyanate-reactivegroups are defined as groups which will react with an isocyanate group(—NCO) and examples include —OH, —NH₂, —NH—, and —SH. Preferredisocyanate-reactive groups are —OH. Other components include but are notlimited to polyamines and polyols, Examples of suitablepolyisocyanate(s), (normally diisocyanate(s)) include aliphatic andcycloaliphatic polyisocyanates such as ethylene diisocyanate,1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate HDI, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI),cyclohexane-1,4-diisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate,cyclopentylene diisocyanate, p-tetra-methylxylene diisocyanate (p-TMXDI)and its meta isomer (m-TMXDI), hydrogenated 2,4-toluene diisocyanate andhydrogenated 2,6-toluene diisocyanate. Also araliphatic and aromaticpolyisocyanates may be used, such as p-xylene diisocyanate,1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluenediisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,4′-diphenylmethanediisocyanate and 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate. Particularly preferred is2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), optionally in admixture with its2,6-isomer.

Crosslinking Agent: Polyaldehyde Component, or Acetal or HemiacetalThereof

The crosslinkable composition comprises a crosslinking agent, i.e. apolyaldehyde component, or acetal or hemiacetal thereof. In oneembodiment, the polyaldehyde component comprises from 2 to 20 carbonatoms. In another alternative embodiment, the polyaldehyde comprisesgreater than 20 carbon atoms, with the proviso that a polyaldehydehaving more than 20 carbon atoms has at least one aldehyde group forevery 10 carbon atoms.

The crosslinkable composition may comprise from 2 to 50 percent byweight of the polyaldehyde component or acetal or hemiacetal thereof;for example, from 5 to 25 percent by weight of the polyaldehydecomponent or acetal or hemiacetal thereof. In one embodiment, thepolyaldehyde is selected from the group consisting of(cis,trans)-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxyaldehydes,(cis,trans)-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxyaldehydes, pentane-1,5-dial,ethane-1,2-dial, and mixtures thereof.

For example, the polyaldehyde component can have two or more aldehydegroups. Suitable polyaldehydes of the present invention can have two,three, four or more aldehyde groups.

The polyaldehyde component can be a cyclic, straight or branched; cyclicand non-aromatic; or cyclic and aromatic.

The polyaldehyde component can comprise one or more cyclic, non-aromaticpolyaldehydes or one or more aromatic polyaldehydes. For example, thepolyaldehyde component can comprise one or more cyclic, non-aromaticpolyaldehydes having from 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, and may consistessentially of one or more cyclic, non-aromatic polyaldehydes havingfrom 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms.

Each cyclic, non-aromatic polyaldehyde component can independently havefrom 5 to 12 ring carbon atoms, and, can be a mixture of(cis,trans)-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxyaldehydes and(cis,trans)-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxyaldehydes.

Examples of suitable cyclic polyaldehydes aretrans-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde;cis-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde;trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde;cis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde; a mixture of1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehydes and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehydes,preferably a 1-to-1 mixture thereof;exo,exo-2,5-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde;exo,exo-2,6-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde;exo,endo-2,5-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde;exo,endo-2,6-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde;endo,endo-2,5-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde;endo,endo-2,6-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde product (endo and exo mixture);3-(3-formylcyclohexyl)propanal; 3-(4-formylcyclohexyl)propanal;2-(3-formylcyclohexyl)propanal; 2-(4-formylcyclohexyl)propanal; andcyclododecane-1,4,8-tricarbaldehyde and a mixture containing one or moreof 2,8-, 3,8-, and 4,8-di(formyl)tricyclo[5.2.1.0^(2.6)]decane.

The trans-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde;cis-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde;trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde; andcis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde can be prepared by a processcomprising hydroformylating 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde using thehydroformylating conditions described herein.

The 1:1 mixture of 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehydes can beprepared by a process comprising reacting acrolein and 1,3-butadiene ina Diels-Alder reaction to give 3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde (also called1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde), and hydroformylating the3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde.

The exo,exo-2,5-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde;exo,exo-2,6-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde;exo,endo-2,5-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde;exo,endo-2,6-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde;endo,endo-2,5-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde; andendo,endo-2,6-norbornanedicarboxaldehyde product (endo and exo mixture)can be prepared by a process comprising reacting acrolein andcyclopentadiene in a Diels-Alder reaction to give a2-norbornene-5-carboxaldehyde, and hydroformylating the2-norbornene-5-carboxaldehyde.

The 3-(3-formylcyclohexyl)propanal; 3-(4-formylcyclohexyl)propanal;2-(3-formylcyclohexyl)propanal; and 2-(4-formylcyclohexyl)propanal canbe prepared by a process comprising hydroformylating vinyl cyclohexene.

The cyclododecane-1,4,8-tricarbaldehyde can be prepared by a processcomprising trimerizing 1,3-butadiene to give 1,4,8-cyclododecatriene,and hydroformylating the 1,4,8-cyclododecatriene.

The mixture of 2,8-, 3,8-, and4,8-di(formyl)tricyclo[5.2.1.0^(2.6)]decane can be prepared by a processcomprising hydroformylating dicyclopentadiene.

The polyaldehyde component can be unblocked and unprotected or blockedor protected. Blocked or protected polyaldehydes can be formed byreacting an unblocked and unprotected polyaldehyde with a suitableblocking or protecting group. Examples of protecting or blocking groupsfor aldehyde groups are bisulfites (e.g., from reaction of thepolyaldehyde with sodium bisulfite), dioxolanes (e.g., from reaction ofthe polyaldehyde with ethylene glycol), oximes (e.g., from reaction ofthe polyaldehyde with hydroxylamine), imines (e.g., from reaction of thepolyaldehyde with methylamine), and oxazolidines (e.g., from reaction ofthe polyaldehyde with a 2-aminoethanol).

Preferred aldehyde protecting groups are, and preferred protectedpolyaldehydes comprise, a hydrated group (>C(OH)₂), hemiacetal, acetal,or imine. These preferred protected polyaldehydes can be prepared byrespectively reacting the polyaldehyde with water; one mole equivalentof an alkanol (e.g., methanol or ethanol); two mole equivalents of thealkanol; or ammonia or a primary amine (e.g., methylamine). Thehemiacetal, acetal, or imine protecting group can, if desired, beremoved by a deprotection such as hydrolysis to give back theunprotected form of the polyaldehyde. Such aldehyde protecting orblocking groups and formation and removal (i.e., deprotection) istaught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,514 B1.

Preferably, the polyaldehyde is stable in neat form (i.e., does notmaterially self-polymerize) and, more preferably, is substantially waterinsoluble and is stable in neat form.

The polyaldehydes of the present invention can be prepared by anysuitable means, including oxidation of corresponding polyols, and viabatchwise and continuous processes for preparing the polyaldehydes.Preferably the polyaldehyde is prepared by hydroformylating asubstantially water-insoluble mono-olefin containing aldehyde compound,substantially water-insoluble multi-olefin containing aldehyde compound,or a substantially water-insoluble multi-olefin containing startingcompound (collectively referred to herein for convenience assubstantially water-insoluble olefin-containing compounds). Thehydroformylation step can be performed by any conventional means such aswith hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, and the olefin-containing startingcompound. Preferably the hydroformylating step is performed in a manneras generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,121 B1, which describes animproved separation process.

Preparations of the polyaldehyde can optionally further comprisereversibly blocking or protecting aldehyde groups of the polyaldehydeswith aldehyde blocking or protecting groups to give a blocked orprotected polyaldehyde, respectively. The protected polyaldehyde can beemployed in place of or in addition to the polyaldehyde component.

Preferably, the polyaldehyde component can be a mixture comprising twoor more of trans-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde,cis-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde,trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde andcis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxaldehyde, or protected or blocked forms ofthese polyaldehydes.

Crosslinking Agent: Urea-Aldehyde Resin

In another embodiment, the crosslinkable coating composition comprises acrosslinking agent consisting of a urea-aldehyde resin. Theurea-aldehyde resin is prepared from the reaction of urea with analdehyde (i.e. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, etc.) orpolyaldehyde. The resulting urea-aldehyde resin can be further reactedwith an alcohol (i.e. methanol, butanol, etc.) to produce an etherifiedurea-aldehyde resin. These resins are well known by one skilled in theart and are commercially available from several suppliers (i.e. CYMELU-64 from Cytec Industries). The crosslinkable coating composition maycomprise from 10 to 60 percent by weight of the urea-aldehyde resin; forexample, from 20 to 50 percent by weight of the urea-aldehyde resin.

Acid Catalyst Component

The crosslinkable coating composition comprises 0.1 to 5 percent byweight of one or more acid catalysts; for example, from 0.5 to 3 weightpercent, or from 0.5 to 2 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe crosslinkable coating composition.

The acid catalyst component may be any acid catalyst suitable forpromoting the reaction between the acrylic carbamate functionalcomponent and the polyaldehyde component. In one embodiment, the acidcatalyst may be a Lewis acid. In another embodiment, the acid catalystmay be a protic acid. In one embodiment, the acid catalyst has a pKa ofless than 6.0, or in the alternative, a pKa of less than 4.0.

The curing step of the present invention is initiated by an acidcatalyst. Such initiation can be performed by exposure to heat for aperiod of time sufficient to produce the inventive crosslinkedcomposition. The heat can be applied radiantly although other means suchas by convection or combinations of means can be used.

Any compound, substance or material suitable for increasing a rate ofreaction of a carbamate group with an aldehyde group (—C(═O)H) can beemployed as the acid catalyst. Examples of acid catalysts are Lewisacids (e.g., boron trifluoride etherate) and protic acids (i.e.,Brønsted acids). The acid catalyst can comprise a protic acidcharacterizable as having a pK_(a) of 6 or less, wherein pK_(a) isnegative base-10 logarithm of acid dissociation constant, K_(a), of theprotic acid.

A preferred protic acid is an inorganic protic acid or organic proticacid. A preferred inorganic protic acid is phosphoric acid or sulfuricacid. A preferred organic protic acid is carboxylic acid, phosphonicacid, or sulfonic acid. A preferred carboxylic acid is acetic acid,trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, or a dicarboxylic acid. Apreferred phosphonic acid is methylphosphonic acid. A preferred sulfonicacid is methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, a camphorsulfonicacid; para-toluenesulfonic acid, or dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid.Examples of suitable Lewis acid curing catalysts are AlCl₃;benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBAC); Cu(O₃SCF₃)₂; (CH₃)₂BrS⁺Br⁻;FeCl₃ (e.g., FeCl₃.6H₂O); HBF₄; BF₃.O(CH₂CH₃)₂; TiCl₄; SnCl₄; CrCl₂;NiCl₂; and Pd(OC(O)CH₃)₂.

The acid catalyst can be unsupported (no solid support) or supported,i.e. covalently bonded to a solid support. Examples of supported acidcatalysts are supported curing catalysts such as supported acidcatalysts such as acid (H⁺) forms of cation exchange-type polymer resins(e.g., ethanesulfonic acid,2-[1-[difluoro[(1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)oxy]methyl]-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy]-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-,polymer with 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene, available under the trade nameNAFION NR 50 (E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.)and ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid polymer with diethenylbenzene availableunder the trade name AMBERLYST™ 15 (Rohm and Haas Co., subsidiary of TheDow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich., USA).

Organic Solvents(s)

The cross-linkable coating composition can comprise from 0 to 90 percentby weight of one or more solvents; for example, from 20 to 70, or from30 to 50, percent by weight of one or more solvents. Solvents may beneeded for reducing the viscosity of the cross-linkable coatingcomposition to facilitate application to a substrate. Solvents may alsobe required to maintain all the components of the cross-linkable coatingcomposition in one single phase. Such solvents include, but are notlimited to, organic solvents. Exemplary solvents include, but are notlimited to, ethanol, ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, diethylene glycolmonoalkyl ethers, propylene glycol monoalkyl ethers and dipropyleneglycol monoalkyl ethers.

Alternative examples of suitable organic solvents are non-polar or polarorganic solvents such as, for example, an alkane (e.g., a(C₆-C₁₂)alkane), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. toluene, xylene) ether(e.g., (C₂-C₁₂)ether, e.g., a (C₂-C₁₂)dialkyl ether), carboxylic ester(e.g., a (C₂-C₁₂)carboxylic ester), ketone (e.g., a (C₃-C₁₂)ketone),secondary or tertiary carboxamide (e.g., a secondary or tertiary(C₃-C₁₂)carboxamide), sulfoxide (e.g., a (C₂-C₁₂)sulfoxide), or amixture of two or more thereof.

In one embodiment, water can be used as a solvent or additive, providedthat the amount of water does not result in a two-phase composition.

Other Components

In one embodiment, the crosslinkable coating composition can compriseone or more curing inhibitor agents. Exemplary curing inhibitor agentsinclude, but are not limited, to alcohols and/or water and/or mixturesthereof. Exemplary curing inhibitor agents include, but are not limitedto, primary alcohols such as ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol.

The crosslinkable coating composition may comprise from 0 to 50 percentby weight of the one or more curing inhibitor agents; for example, from2 to 30, or in the alternative from 10 to 20, percent by weight of thecuring inhibitor agents.

In one embodiment, the cross-linkable coating composition can compriseone or more pigments. Exemplary pigments include, but are not limitedto, TiO₂, lamp black, and talc.

In one embodiment, the cross-linkable coating composition can compriseone or more fillers. Exemplary fillers include, but are not limited to,clay, barium sulfate, and silica.

In one embodiment, the cross-linkable coating composition can compriseone or more additives. Exemplary additives include, but are not limitedto, ultraviolet (UV) light stabilizers, dispersing agents, flow &leveling agents and rheology agents. Such additional additives will, ofcourse, depend on the intended use of the coating composition. Typicallyuseful conventional formulation additives include UV light stabilizers(hindered amines) such asBis-(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (Tinuvin 123supplied by BASF) and2,4-bis[N-Butyl-N-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-6-(2-hydroxyethylamine)-1,3,5-triazine(Tinuvin 152 supplied by BASF); pigment and filler dispersing additivessuch as polyphosphoric acid polyesters (Disperbyk 110 supplied by BYKUSA, Inc); and flow and leveling agents such as polyether modifiedpolydimethylsiloxanes (BYK 333 supplied by BYK USA, Inc); and rheologymodifiers such as organowaxes (Troythix XYZ supplied by TroyCorporation).

In one embodiment, the crosslinkable coating composition furthercomprises a metal drier. An exemplary metal drier is an iron drier suchas Borchi Oxy-Coat, available from OMG Borchers.

Process for Producing the Cross-Linkable Coating Composition

The process for producing a crosslinkable coating composition, accordingto the present invention comprises: (a) selecting one or morepolycarbamates derived from one or more polyesters comprising thecondensation reaction product of one or more polyols with one or morepolyacids, wherein said one or more polyols comprise at least 25 percentby weight of one or more units having 4 or more hydroxyl groups; (b)selecting one or more crosslinking agents; (c) selecting one or moreacid catalysts; (d) optionally selecting one or more organic solvents;(e) contacting a, c, and d first to produce a first component; (f)contacting said first component with b; and (g) thereby producingcrosslinkable coating composition.

In an alternative embodiment, the process for producing a crosslinkablecoating composition, according to the present invention comprises (a)selecting one or more polycarbamates derived from one or more polyesterscomprising the condensation reaction product of one or more polyols withone or more polyacids, wherein said one or more polyols comprise atleast 25 percent by weight of one or more units having 4 or morehydroxyl groups; (b) selecting one or more crosslinking agents; (c)selecting one or more acid catalysts; (d) optionally selecting one ormore organic solvents; (e) contacting a, b, and d first to produce afirst component; (f) contacting said first component with c; and (g)thereby producing crosslinkable coating composition.

The inventive crosslinkable composition can be made in batch process viaany conventional mixing device under ambient temperature and pressure.

The cross-linked coating compositions of the present invention, eventhose produced by curing at room temperature, have a high degree ofcrosslinking.

Coated Substrates

The coated substrates of the present invention comprise a coating layerderived from the inventive cross-linkable coating composition, which isin contact with at least a portion of a substrate capable of beingcoated.

The inventive coated substrates can be prepared by any suitable method.For example, in a method of coating a surface of a substrate, the methodcomprises applying the inventive cross-linkable coating composition toat least a portion of a surface of a substrate and curing at a curingtemperature of 70° C. or less, or, for example, 30° C. or less, so as toprepare a coated substrate comprising a crosslinked composition.

The inventive crosslinkable coating composition can be applied to thesurface of the substrate(s) by any suitable applying means such as, forexample, brushing, calendaring, rolling, spraying, mopping, troweling,or dipping. The substrate being coated can be of any shape including,for example, a flat or rolled sheet (e.g., cylinder), sphere, beads,finely divided particles, and the like. The surface of the substratebeing coated can be irregular or regular, continuous or discontinuous,porous or non-porous, jointed or not jointed.

The substrates suitable for being coated independently can comprise anymaterial. Examples of suitable material are wood, metal, ceramic,plastic, composite materials, and/or glass.

The coated article comprises a coated substrate comprising a layer ofthe inventive cross-linked coating composition in contact with at leasta portion of a substrate.

The crosslinked compositions of the present invention, even thoseproduced by curing at room temperature, have a high degree ofcrosslinking. This high degree of crosslinking preferably is evidencedby their a spectral property (e.g., obtained from proton-nuclearmagnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy, ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, or FT-IRspectroscopy) or, more preferably, by one or more improved performanceproperties. Preferably at least one of the improved performanceproperties is cross-hatch adhesion, water resistance, deteriorationresistance to methyl ethyl ketone rubs, or high pendulum hardness.

Preferably, methods of using the crosslinked compositions of the presentinvention comprise coatings formed with the crosslinkable compositions,wherein the coating exhibits a water resistance, resistance to rubbingwith methyl ethyl ketone, high pendulum hardness, cross-hatch adhesion,or a combination of any two or more thereof.

The coating composition can also be used as an adhesive composition thatis disposed between and in independent operative contact with at least aportion of two substrates.

The inventive coatings exhibit a pendulum hardness (1 day) in the rangegreater than 60, for example greater than 120, or from 60 to 180.

The inventive coatings exhibit a pendulum hardness (7 day) in the rangegreater than 80, for example greater than 120, or from 80 to 200.

The inventive coatings exhibit resistance to organic solvent, i.e.,methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) back-and-forth double rubbing (i.e., one rubback, one rub forth equals one double rub) of 30 or greater, forexample, 50 or greater, or in the alternative, 70 or greater, or in thealternative 100 or greater, or in the alternative from 30 to 200. Suchorganic solvent resistance is evidence of crosslinking to form acrosslinked composition.

The inventive coatings exhibit a cross-hatch adhesion value of from 1Bto 5B, for example, from 2B to 5B, or in the alternative from 3B to 5B,or in the alternative from 4B to 5B, or in another alternative 5B.

In determining any one or more of the aforementioned pendulum hardnessand number of MEK double rubs (back-and-forth), the coating is formed ona steel substrate as described herein. Furthermore, in determiningcross-hatch adhesion values, the coating is formed on a wood substrateas described herein. The inventive coating had a thickness, as measuredas described later, of from 10 micrometers (μm) to 70 μm, morepreferably 50 μm or less, still more preferably less than 40 and evenmore preferably less than 30 In some embodiments the inventive coatingso formed has a thickness of 14 μm or greater, and still more preferably20 μm or greater.

The crosslinked coating compositions of the present invention can alsobe used as sealant compositions.

In another alternative embodiment, the instant invention furtherprovides an article comprising a substrate, and at least one inventivecrosslinkable coating composition associated with one surface of saidsubstrate.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention providescrosslinkable coating composition, process for producing the same,articles made therefrom, and method of making such articles, inaccordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that the one ormore units having 4 or more hydroxyl groups is one or morepentaerythritols.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention providescrosslinkable coating composition, process for producing the same,articles made therefrom, and method of making such articles, inaccordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that thecondensation reaction product has at least 20 percent by weight a fattyacid component.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention providescrosslinkable coating composition, process for producing the same,articles made therefrom, and method of making such articles, inaccordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that thecondensation reaction product has a hydroxyl number of greater than 100mg KOH/g.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention providescrosslinkable coating composition, process for producing the same,articles made therefrom, and method of making such articles, inaccordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that thecrosslinking agent is a polyaldehyde.

In an alternative embodiment, the instant invention provides articles,in accordance with any of the preceding embodiments, except that thesubstrate comprises metal, wood, polymeric materials, glass, concrete,and ceramic.

Examples

The following examples illustrate the present invention but are notintended to limit the scope of the invention. The following examplesdemonstrate that the coating compositions according to the presentinvention possess improved hardness development, short dry time, andhigher rates of curing under ambient conditions (or low temperaturebakes, e.g. 60° C.).

The alkyd polyols are first prepared by either a single or two-stageprocess (Step A. Alkyd Polyol synthesis), followed by the carbamylationof the alkyd polyols using a separate urea process or methyl carbamateprocess. Finally, the resulting polycarbamates are formulated intocoatings for evaluation.

A. Alkyd Polyol Synthesis Step

I. Two-Stage Alcoholysis Procedure Starting from Triglyceride

Inventive Polyol 1 (EX-1A) was prepared according to the following 2stage process. The recipe for the EX-1A is reported in Table 1. Thecalculated properties of EX-1A are reported in Table 2.

First Stage

In the first stage typical large scale alcoholysis was carried out. To a5 L three-neck RB flask was added sunflower oil (1388.9 g). A glass stirrod and paddle were placed in the middle joint of the flask. The flaskwas attached to a lattice with overhead stirring, and an oil bath atroom temperature was raised to submerge the flask. The setpoint on thebath was 220° C. and heating and stirring were started. To the stirredoil, PE (713.6 g) and dibutyltin catalyst (1200 ppm on total reactorcharge) were added. Once all reactants were added, a packed condenserwith a set point of 95° C. was attached to one of the side joints andtopped with a hose adaptor that was connected to a bubbler. To the otherside neck, a second hose-adaptor was attached and connected to anitrogen inlet. A slow nitrogen sweep was placed on the system andobserved in the bubbler. The reaction mixture was allowed to heat andmix overnight to ensure high conversion. This stage was completed when“monoglyceride” was achieved, where the reactor contents homogeneouslydissolve (dispersed) in methanol at one part resin to three partsmethanol. The example synthesis recipe is reported in Table 1.

Second Stage

The 5 L RBF containing the alcoholysis mixture was cooled to 160 C andheating and stirring were maintained. To the flask, PIA (359.0 g), PAN(538.5 g), and xylenes (2% on total charge) were added. Then, aDean-Stark trap was connected to one of the side joints and topped witha Friedrichs condenser connected to an outlet bubbler. A nitrogen sweepwas placed on the system. The system was heated to 220° C. whilestirring and the water formed was distilled out as an azeotrope withxylenes. This second stage of the reaction was monitored by removingsamples from the reactor and titrating the acid value (AV). The reactionwas allowed to progress until the desired AV was reached. Then thereaction contents were poured into a glass jar and allowed to cool toroom temperature under a pad of nitrogen.

II. Single-Stage Alkyd Polyol Synthesis Using Fatty Acid

Inventive Polyols 2-4 (EX-2A, EX-3A, and EX-4A, respectively) wereprepared according to the following single stage process. The recipesfor the EX-2A, EX-3A, and EX-4A are reported in Table 1. The calculatedproperties of EX-2A, EX-3A, and EX-4A are reported in Table 2.

This synthesis method followed a single-stage fatty acid cook procedure,using the same apparatus as described above for a 2-stage process. Therecipe ingredients are listed in the table by percentage, and werescaled to a 3000 g initial charge. In this setup, the fatty acid wascharged initially with all the other recipe ingredients. The reactor wasthen closed, purged under nitrogen atmosphere, stirred, and heated bymantle to 220° C. The process was done solventless. Condensation waterswere removed overhead using a short-path condenser with a receiver.Progress of the reaction was monitored by measuring acid value of theresin by titration. Samples were later measured for mol wt profile byGPC.

TABLE 1 EX-1A % EX-2A % EX-3A % EX-4A % Medium Medium Long Short AlkydName sun oil oleic-lauric TOFA stearic Trimethylolethane — 10.504 —19.431 (TME) Pentaerythritol (PE) 23.785 19.118 — 12.945Dipentaerythritol — — 27.217 — (DPE) Sunflower oil (Sun) 46.298 — — —Phthalic anhydride 17.951 — 12.642 — (PAN) Isophthalic acid (PIA) 11.96724.160 — 35.330 Oleic Acid (OA) — 23.109 — — Lauric Acid (LA) — 23.109 —— Stearic Acid (SA) — — — 32.294 Tall Oil Fatty Acid — — 60.141 — (TOFA)

TABLE 2 EX-1A EX-2A EX-3A EX-4A Calculated oil content (%) 49 53 66 37Target AV final (mg KOH/g) 8.0 5.0 9.0 6.0 Calculated OH value (mg 180190 149 182 KOH/g)

B. Carbamylation Conversion of Alkyd Polyols

All reactions were carried out in a 2000 ml round bottom reactor systemequipped with a mechanical stirrer, reflux condenser, nitrogen gas purgesystem and temperature control. A heating mantle was used fortemperature control in all setups.

I. Conversion in Aqueous Urea (Making Polycarbamate)

Inventive polycarbamates 1 and 2 (EX-1C and EX-2C, respectively) wereprepared via aqueous urea process (also known as liquid urea route)using inventive polyols 1 and 2 (EX-1A and EX-2A, respectively)according to the following process. The reactor was charged with thehydroxyl functional polyol (2000 g), diluted to a final solids level of60-70% in xylene to achieve a process viscosity which allowed efficientstirring at 140° C. The catalyst, Fascat 4201 dibutyl tin oxide (DBTO,Arkema, Inc.), was added to the alkyd polyol in the reactor at 0.6% onsolids. The urea (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.5%) amount used was calculated basedon the hydroxyl value for the alkyd polyol, and indexed at 62% of fullconversion. For an alkyd polyol with a hydroxyl value of 182 mg KOH/g(EX-1A), 119.4 mg urea per g of alkyd polyol was used. For the 2000 gbatch of alkyd polyol, 238.7 g total of urea was first dissolved indistilled water to make a 50 wt % aqueous solution. Thealkyd-solvent-catalyst mixture in the reactor was slowly heated to 140°C. and nitrogen purged for at least 30 min. Urea solution was loadedinto 60 ml glass syringes and was carefully fed into the reactor at aconstant controlled rate through a syringe pump. The urea solution wassteadily fed into the reactor over 6-10 hrs. Azeotropic vapor was formedand cooled in the condenser, which was then collected in the Dean-Starktrap. The reaction was carefully maintained at 140° C., mixing at500-600 rpm, nitrogen purge at 20 sccm, and continued for 10-12 hr untilcompletion. Samples were taken periodically for NMR and GPC analysis.The theoretical conversion from hydroxyl to carbamate was calculated,and reported in Table 3.

II. Conversion Using Methyl Carbamate to Make Polycarbamate

Inventive polycarbamates 3 and 4 (EX-3C and EX-4C, respectively) wereprepared via methylcarbamate process using inventive polyols 3 and 4(EX-3A and EX-4A, respectively) according to the following process. Inthis process, transcarbamation was carried out using methyl carbamate(Sigma Aldrich, 99%) to convert the alkyd polyol to alkyd carbamate. Thehydroxyl functional alkyd polyol was weighed into the reactor (2000 g),diluted to 60-70% solids with xylene solvent to allow efficient mixingat 140° C., and charged with Fascat 4201 (DBTO, Arkema, Inc.) at 1000ppm on solids. The methyl carbamate amount used was calculated based onthe hydroxyl value for the alkyd polyol, and indexed at 100% fullconversion. For an alkyd polyol with a hydroxyl value of 182 mg KOH/g(EX-4), 243.3 mg methyl carbamate per g of alkyd polyol was used. Forthe 2000 g batch of alkyd polyol, 486.6 g total methyl carbamate wasthen added directly to the reactor. The reactor contents were thenpurged with nitrogen atmosphere during the initial heating, andmaintained under nitrogen atmosphere for the duration of the reaction.The byproduct, methanol, was condensed along with xylene solventoverhead through the condenser and collected in a receiver. Once thereactor contents reached 140° C. as measured by internal thermocouple,the temperature was maintained overnight for 16 hours. At the completionof this time, the nitrogen flux was turned up to enhance the removal ofany residual methyl carbamate under stirring, along with a reduction inthe solvent content. After 2 hours of high flow nitrogen gas purgethrough the resin, the material was diluted back with xylene to 70%solids, and poured into a glass container. The theoretical conversionfrom hydroxyl to carbamate was calculated, and reported in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Carbamylated Polyol EX-1C EX-2C EX-3C EX-4C Carbamylation methodUrea Urea Me Carb Me Carb Conversion calculation 66 63 47 57 by OHN (%)

Inventive Coating Formulations 1-5

Inventive Coating Formulations 1-5 (EX-1F₁; EX-1F₁₁; EX-2F, EX-3F, andEX-4F, respectively) were prepared according to the recopies provided inTable 4 according to the following process.

All formulation components listed in Table 4 with the exception of theacid catalyst were placed in an appropriate size screw-top-lid containerand mixed using a Flacktek DC 150 SpeedMixer™ for three minutes at 3,000RPM at ambient conditions to form a homogenous pre-formulation mixture.The acid catalyst was then added to the homogenous formulations mixtureas the final component and either stirred in by hand or mixed with theSpeedMixer™ for 30 seconds at 1,000 RPM.

Each EX-1F_(i); EX-1F_(ii); EX-2F, EX-3F, and EX-4F was applied over analuminum panel and allowed to cure under ambient conditions to form acoatings of approximately between 1 to 2 mils. Coating properties ofEX-1F_(i); EX-1F_(ii); EX-2F, EX-3F, and EX-4F were measured and arereported in Table 5.

TABLE 4 Formulation Components EX-1F_(i) EX-1F_(ii) EX-2F EX-3F EX-4FEX-1C (W %) 35.7 36.4 — — — EX-2C (W %) — — 37.0 — — EX- 3C (W %) — — —54.8 — EX-4C (W %) — — — — 35.3  Xylenes (W %) 15.3 15.6 12.4 — 8.0Mineral spirits (W %) — —  0.9 — 0.5 Methyl ethyl ketone 25.4 25.9 — — —(W %) Ethanol (W %) 12.8 13.0 28.0 19.3 26.5  Borchi Oxy-Coat (W %)  1.8— — — — n-butyl acetate (W %) — — 11.8 12.2 20.5  Butyl cellosolve (W %)— — —  5.7 — CHDA (W %)  7.7  7.8  8.8  7.2 8.3 p-TSA (40% in IPA)  1.3 1.3  1.1  0.8 0.9 (W %) (Acid Catalyst)

TABLE 5 EX-1F_(i) EX-1F_(ii) EX-2F EX-3F EX-4F MEK double rubs 146 46 41— — (24 hour ambient cure) MEK double rubs 225 320 190 400 150 (7 dayambient cure) Pendulum hardness 136 154 184 71 133 (24 hour ambientcure) Pendulum hardness 132 149 190 90 150 (7 day ambient cure) Dry Time(minutes) 13 9 19 14 21

Test Methods

Test methods include the following:

OH Number Titration

Where OH # is the magnitude of the hydroxyl number for a polyol asexpressed in terms of milligrams potassium hydroxide per gram or polyol(mg KOH/g polyol). Hydroxyl number (OH #) indicates the concentration ofhydroxyl moieties in a composition of polymers, particularly polyols.The hydroxyl number for a sample of polymers is determined by firsttitrating for the acid groups to obtain an acid number (mg KOH/g polyol)and secondly, acetylation with pyridine and acetic anhydride in whichthe result is obtained as a difference between two titrations withpotassium hydroxide solution, one titration with a blank for referenceand one titration with the sample. A hydroxyl number is the weight ofpotassium hydroxide in milligrams that will neutralize the aceticanhydride capable of combining by acetylation with one gram of a polyolplus the acid number from the acid titration in terms of the weight ofpotassium hydroxide in milligrams that will neutralize the acid groupsin the polyol. A higher hydroxyl number indicates a higher concentrationof hydroxyl moieties within a composition. A description of how todetermine a hydroxyl number for a composition is well-known in the art,for example in Woods, G., The ICI Polyurethanes Book, 2^(nd) ed. (ICIPolyurethanes, Netherlands, 1990).

Hydroxyl equivalent weight (OH EW) is calculated using the followingformula

OH EW=56100/OH #

Percent Solids (Polycarbamate or Polyol)

Approximately 0.5 g of polymer is weighed into an aluminum weighingdish. Approximately 1 ml of toluene is added to the aluminum weighingdish. Duplicate weighing dishes are prepared and placed in a 105° C.oven for greater than 4 hours. The percent solids are calculated usingthe following formula:

% Solids=100×(final sample weight/initial sample weight)

The percent solids are an average of the duplicate samples.

Pendulum Hardness

Pendulum hardness testing is performed according to ASTM D4366 method,and average of 3 measurements are averaged and reported.

MEK Double Rubs

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) resistance after both one and seven days inambient cure was measured according to ASTM D5402. Solvent resistanceand degree of crosslinking is evaluated by using a semi-automated MEKrub test machine (DJH Designs Inc.). The coated substrates were rubbedwith a cloth soaked in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) that is attached to therubbing block. Each back and forth rub counts as one double rub. Thismachine applies constant downward pressure (80 psi), constant speed (70double rubs/min) and counts the number of double strokes applied.

Dry Time

Dry time was tested according to according to ASTM-D 5895.

The present invention may be embodied in other forms without departingfrom the spirit and the essential attributes thereof, and, accordingly,reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to theforegoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.

We claim:
 1. A crosslinkable coating composition comprising: a. one or more polycarbamates derived from one or more polyesters comprising the condensation reaction product of one or more polyols with one or more polyacids, wherein said one or more polyols comprise at least 25 percent by weight of one or more units having 4 or more hydroxyl groups; b. one or more crosslinking agents; c. one or more acid catalysts; and d. optionally one or more organic solvents.
 2. The crosslinkable coating composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more units having 4 or more hydroxyl groups is one or more pentaerythritols.
 3. The crosslinkable coating composition of claim 1, wherein the condensation reaction product has at least 20 percent by weight a fatty acid component.
 4. The crosslinkable coating composition of claim 1, wherein the condensation reaction product has a hydroxyl number of greater than 100 mg KOH/g.
 5. The crosslinkable coating composition of claim 1, wherein said crosslinking agent is a polyaldehyde.
 6. The crosslinkable coating composition of claim 1, wherein said crosslinking agent is an urea-aldehyde resin.
 7. The crosslinkable coating composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more polyacids comprise less than 75 percent by weight of one or more 1,2 phthalic acid.
 8. The crosslinkable coating composition of claim 1, wherein said polyester is an alkyd.
 9. The crosslinkable coating composition of claim 1, wherein said crosslinkable coating composition further comprises metal drier.
 10. The crosslinkable coating composition of claim 1, wherein said metal drier is an iron dryer.
 11. The crosslinkable coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polycarbamate is produced by a process which comprises providing urea in liquid form; and adding the liquid urea to a polyol.
 12. The crosslinkable coating composition according to claim 11, wherein the urea in liquid form is in solution, a melt or a clathrate.
 13. The crosslinkable coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polycarbamate is produced by a process which comprises adding solid urea to a polyol in liquid form to form a reaction mixture.
 14. A process for producing a crosslinkable coating composition comprising: a. selecting one or more polycarbamates derived from one or more polyesters comprising the condensation reaction product of one or more polyols with one or more polyacids, wherein said one or more polyols comprise at least 25 percent by weight of one or more units having 4 or more hydroxyl groups; b. selecting one or more crosslinking agents; c. selecting one or more acid catalysts; d. optionally selecting one or more organic solvents; e. contacting a, c, and d first to produce a first component; f. contacting said first component with b; and g. thereby producing said crosslinkable coating composition.
 15. A process for producing a crosslinkable coating composition comprising: a. selecting one or more polycarbamates derived from one or more polyesters comprising the condensation reaction product of one or more polyols with one or more polyacids, wherein said one or more polyols comprise at least 25 percent by weight of one or more units having 4 or more hydroxyl groups, b. selecting one or more crosslinking agents; c. selecting one or more acid catalysts; d. optionally selecting one or more organic solvents; e. contacting a, b, and d first to produce a first component; f. contacting said first component with c; and thereby producing said crosslinkable coating composition. 